2nd stage- from full cervical dilatation until birth of infant
3rd stage- from birth of infant until placental expulsion
1st stage- Divided into three phases: latent, active and transition phase.
PHASE frequency duration cervical dilatation
latent 5-10 minutes or longer 20-40 seconds 0-3 cm
Active 3-5 minutes 30-60 seconds 4-7 cm
transition 2-3 minutes 60-90 seconds 8-10 cm
2nd stage of labor
contractions change characteristic from a cresendo-decresendo pattern to an overwhelming uncontrollable urge to push or bear down.
As fetal head pushes against perineum , the vaginal introitus opens and the fetal scalp appears at the opening to the vagina. the circle enlarges in size from a dime, to a quarter, to half a dollar. this is called crowning. (pillitteri)
3rd stage of labor- divided into 2 phases: placental separation and expulsion
signs that the placenta has loosened and is ready to deliver:
lengthening of the cord
sudden gush of vaginal blood
change in the shape of the uterus
firm uterine contraction
placental appearance at the vaginal opening
if separates first at the center- schultze(shiny and glistening appearance)
if separates first at the edges -duncan(raw, red and irregular)
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